Native Plants Archives - Nature Center at Greenburgh

May 2, 2025May 2, 2025 Cathy Ludden Around the Grounds, Native Plants

Early Bloomers: Native Perennials For Spring

“April cried and stepped aside, and along come pretty little May”
-Rogers & Hammerstein

April’s daffodils are fading, but May is the best season for flowers! Are you ready for spring planting? Plant sales are happening all around us. Let’s make a shopping list!

This year, consider skipping the big box stores and garden centers selling flats of annuals for flower beds. Who really wants to watch tropical plants (wax begonias, New Guinea impatiens, petunias) wither and die in our very un-tropical weather? If you are going to all the expense and trouble of planting flowers in your yard, why not choose a few of these native perennials that can withstand our variable climate and come back strong next year?

Here are some great early-blooming native perennials that start to shine just as the daffodils fade from view:

In a sunny area, try Golden Alexander (Zizia aurea or aptera). With masses of big yellow flowers, Zizia looks just like sunshine. It is in the carrot family and is the native host plant for Black Swallowtail butterflies. If you plant it, you will definitely see them. The plants spread themselves around where they are happy and are easy to grow. Never more than 2 to 3 feet tall and about 2 feet wide, blooming from late April well into June, Zizia tolerates a little shade, but does best in average garden soil with a mostly-sunny exposure. And it is deer-resistant.

Do you usually plant annuals along your front walk? Try these early-blooming native perennials instead:

Moss Phlox (*Phlox subulata*)
blooming now

Prairie Smoke (*Geum triflorum*)
blooming now

Pussytoes (*Antennaria plantaginifolia*) blooming now

Moss Phlox or Creeping Phlox is widely available and popular –for good reason! It blooms profusely from late April into May and is available in a huge array of colors, from white and pastel or hot pink, to a variety of blues. It needs full sun and sandy or pebbly well-drained soil, so it is perfect for lining a sunny path where the soil tends to be poor. After blooming, it forms a weed-suppressing, green, mossy clump that stays through the winter and reliably blooms again the next spring.

Pussytoes and Prairie Smoke also work along concrete, gravel, or masonry paths, and for the same reasons. They don’t mind the thin rocky soil typically remaining after construction of paved surfaces; they don’t mind reflected heat and cold from pavement; and they tolerate drought and salt better than most garden plants. See our post on these and other great plants for walkways here.

Jacob’s Ladder (*Polemonium reptans*) blooming now

How about an early-bloomer for shade?

For a fabulous front-of-the-border plant in dappled shade, or a great choice for underplanting trees, try Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium reptans). It is one of the very first plants to break ground in the spring, and within a couple of weeks, it is covered with light blue flowers that are magnets for the first bumblebees emerging from hibernation. The foliage stays green all summer and has interesting leaves spaced evenly along the stem inspiring the name “ladder.” There are some tempting cultivars of Jacob’s Ladder on the market with variegated or multi-color foliage, but they seem to suffer in Northeastern winters. The old-fashioned Jacob’s Ladder species is not only reliable, but spreads slowly to make a lovely ground-cover.

Two other early bloomers for shade are Woodland Phlox and Wild or Spotted Geranium.

Woodland Phlox (*Phlox divericata*) blooming now

Woodland Phlox is a true woodland species, preferring humusy soil where leaves are allowed to stay on the ground and decompose naturally. It loves the even moisture of a shady wooded area, but does well in cultivated shade gardens with rich soil and good drainage. Colors range from nearly white to pale pink or true blue. Grow it under mature trees and shrubs where fallen leaves provide winter cover and summer moisture protection. It blooms early and is a great native replacement for vinca. Rabbits may hit young plants, so a repellant is advisable.

Wild or Spotted Geranium (*Geranium maculatum*)

A favorite early-blooming native for part-shade, Geranium maculatum is a total winner. It blooms on and off for months and the leaves are beautiful all season long. It’s a great edge plant between lawn and taller shade perennials and will form substantial clumps growing slowly from the crown, and even occasionally sending seedlings into nearby areas. The flower colors are soft pastels that seem perfectly at home in dappled shade or morning sun.

Fringed Bleeding Heart (*Dicentra eximia*) blooming now

If there is one early bloomer that will capture your heart, it is this one. Dicentra eximia starts blooming with the daffodils in early April, and will still be blooming in October! The lacy fern-like foliage forms a soft mound about a foot high and wide, though older plants may be 18 to 24 inches tall. The flowers are suspended like charms on slender stalks just over the leaves, each cluster lasting a week or more. Fading flowers still look good as they gradually turn white, so dead-heading is unnecessary to keep the plant looking fresh all summer. Deer and rabbits ignore Fringed Bleeding Heart, but it is not a strong competitor and can be overwhelmed by thugs like ivy and vinca. It is happiest in part sun and very well-drained, even rocky or sandy soil. Too much moisture or heavy soil will shorten its life-span. Unlike the Asian bleeding heart, Dicentra eximia will not disappear after blooming, and it is surprisingly tolerant of drought. For more information click here.

So, check out your local native plant sales, or visit a good nursery that carries a varied selection of perennials. Some of these plants are available at garden centers if you know what you’re looking for – check the Latin names to avoid mistakes and non-native hybrids.

And if you plant these early bloomers now, you will see them again next spring and, hopefully, for many springs to come!

March 18, 2025March 18, 2025 Cathy Ludden Around the Grounds, Native Plants

The All-American Shamrock

Legend tells us that St. Patrick used a shamrock, with its three leaves on a single stem, to teach ancient Celtic peoples about the Christian trinity. There is no agreement among historians, theologians, or botanists, however, as to which specific plant is the legendary Irish shamrock.

Some believe St. Patrick’s shamrock was one of several species of clover (Trifolium spp.) native to Europe and Britain. Others claim that the true Irish shamrock is in the family Oxalis, perhaps due to a report from a 16^th Century Englishman who wrote that the Irish ate “shamrocks,” and plants in the Oxalis family were known to be edible. Adding to the confusion, the Irish word “seamróg” means “little clover.”

Today, in honor of St. Patrick’s Day, several Oxalis species are sold as shamrocks both here and in Europe, which just annoys those who insist the traditional shamrock is a clover. In 1988, someone conducted a public opinion poll in Ireland asking which plant is the true shamrock, and the results split among several plants, including two varieties of clover and at least one Oxalis, with no real majority view.

In any case, St. Patrick’s Day seems an appropriate time to nominate an American native plant as the New World shamrock. Yellow Wood Sorrel (Oxalis stricta) is sometimes called “sourgrass,” “pickle plant,” or adding to the general confusion, “lemon clover.” As a candidate for St. Patrick’s Day shamrock, Yellow Wood Sorrel certainly looks the part.

**Yellow Wood Sorrel in bloom***Photo: Ansel Oomen, Bugwood.org*

Yellow Wood Sorrel is useful, maybe even pretty if you look closely, and it is found absolutely everywhere. Yes, it is a weed! You’ve probably pulled it out of your lawn, your garden, your containers, your driveway or sidewalk — maybe without knowing or caring what it is.

Like many other weeds, Yellow Wood Sorrel grows in a wide variety of habitats – sun or shade, dry or wet, and rich or poor soil. Each of its 3 leaves has a fold down the middle. At dusk, the leaves close up and stay that way until warmed again by the sun.

The little yellow flowers have 5 petals and bloom from spring through late fall. The plant produces lots of seeds in capsules that stand upright above the foliage. When the seeds are ripe, the capsule explodes, throwing seeds up to 3 feet away!

*Oxalis stricta* leaves fold up at night like little pleated skirts
*Photo: Courtesy of Pixabay.com*

Yellow Wood Sorrel is edible, though in very large quantities it may be mildly toxic. You really should try clipping some tender leaves, or the little yellow flowers, and sprinkling them like micro-greens on top of salads, fish, or chicken. The taste is like lemon, sour and a bit bitter, but refreshing. Tender stems and leaves may be steeped in hot water (a handful of leaves per pint of water) to make a lemonade-type drink high in Vitamin C.

Bees, butterflies, and ants make use of the flowers of Yellow Wood Sorrel, and its long season of bloom means the flowers are available throughout the nectaring season. Perhaps we should be grateful that this weed provides some wildlife benefit by stubbornly popping up in even the most manicured suburban landscapes.

**Yellow Wood Sorrel is a small weedy plant that grows everywhere**
*Photo: T. Webster, USDA, Bugwood.org*

So, the next time you find yourself pulling Yellow Wood Sorrel from all the places it doesn’t belong, think of it as shamrock and then save a few leaves for your lunch. Sláinte!

THIS BLOG IS AUTHORED WEEKLY BY CATHY LUDDEN, CONSERVATIONIST AND NATIVE PLANT EDUCATOR; AND BOARD MEMBER, GREENBURGH NATURE CENTER. FOLLOW CATHY ON INSTAGRAM FOR MORE PHOTOS AND GARDENING TIPS @CATHYLUDDEN.

February 20, 2025February 20, 2025 Cathy Ludden Around the Grounds, Native Plants

American Evergreen: Think Outside the Boxwood!

Evergreen landscape plants provide winter interest and year-round structure. Or, at least they should. But way too often, they totally fail at that function.

In general, suburban landscapes use too few species of evergreens, and often the wrong evergreens in unattractive ways. The same non-native shrubs — boxwood, taxus, privet, Asian azaleas and junipers – are repeated house-after-house, often clipped into shapes too strange to be natural and too tight to provide shelter for birds. Whether it is a failure on the part of developers and builders, or the nursery and landscape industry, or homeowners themselves, the result is dull, repetitious, and sterile landscapes. The over-use of non-native shrubs also sadly results in a lack of food and shelter for birds, insects, and other animals, all of whom depend on native plants.

But it is an easy fix! There are so many great native evergreens.

The last four blog posts in this series on American Evergreens featured Eastern Red-cedar, American junipers, Eastern White Pine, and American Rhododendrons, all excellent plants for suburban landscapes. But there are more! Browse through the posts linked below for more photos and information about each of these evergreen options:

American Holly (Ilex opaca) is a magnificent tree that grows slowly, eventually reaching 40 feet tall. It provides a dramatic evergreen backdrop for flowering shrubs and is a dense, year-round privacy screen. Its foliage provides essential shelter and its berries are prime food for birds. Be sure to plant a smaller male holly in the area to assure a good show of berries all winter. Click here for more information.

American Holly in fall and winter landscape

Inkberry (Ilex glabra) is a great substitute for boxwood. It looks very much the same, but is better adapted to our climate and soil conditions in the Northeast, so it does not have to be coddled in burlap all winter to protect it from ice and salt. Cultivars like ‘Shamrock’ and ‘Compacta’ are slow-growing, smaller than the species, and suitable for smaller properties or as foundation plants. Inkberry may be pruned as easily as boxwood and used for hedges. Older shrubs can get leggy with age, so underplanting Inkberry with smaller shrubs or perennials is a great idea. For more information and photos, click here.

Inkberry, here in its natural shape, doesn’t need winter protection

Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca), a majestic large tree in the wild, is more commonly seen as a dwarf cultivar ‘Conica’ that is very slow growing and attractive as an evergreen foundation plant, or even in a patio container. It is Christmas-tree-shaped and can provide a formal, vertical element in the garden. More info here.

Alberta Spruce, in front of Inkberry, provides a backdrop for bright Crabapple fruit in winter

Globe Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) is an alternative to tightly-clipped boxwoods for homeowners who prefer that spherical look. Rather than watering and fertilizing non-native shrubs only to shear off the new growth every year, naturally globe-shaped cultivars of our native Arborvitae are a better idea. Cultivars named ‘Hetz Midget,’ ‘Tater Tot, ‘Little Giant,’ and ‘Golden Globe’ require no fuss to hold their shape, and may provide better ecological resources than boxwood topiaries. More info here.

Globe Arborvitae at 5 years, never pruned, with natural-form Inkberries in the background

*Thuja occidentalis* ‘Hetz Midget,’ summer and winter, doesn’t need pruning or wrapping

Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana or L. axillaris), sometimes called “Doghobble,” is a fabulous understory shrub that should be used much more often. As a substitute for invasive pachysandra or ivy in a shady wooded area, it is without equal. It is low-growing, maxing out at 2 to 3 feet tall and spreading out gradually 3 to 4 feet wide. It is beautiful, foolproof, very deer resistant, and reliably evergreen. Plant it under trees, along fences, and in shady parts of your yard where deer are usually a problem. For a full description and more photos, click here.

Leucothoe and Rhododendron in a woodland garden

With all of these choices, suburban gardeners can add so much diversity to their yards! Native shrubs enrich the environment while adding beauty and variety to the landscape.

So, don’t stick with the same-old, same-old that you see around the neighborhood! This spring, plant more shrubs! Expand your tree and shrub plantings out into your yard, and update your foundation plantings with native shrubs.

Make next winter more interesting. Try American Evergreens!

THIS BLOG IS WRITTEN BY CATHY LUDDEN, CONSERVATIONIST AND NATIVE PLANT EDUCATOR; AND BOARD MEMBER, NATURE CENTER at greenburgh. FOLLOW CATHY ON INSTAGRAM FOR MORE PHOTOS AND GARDENING TIPS @CATHYLUDDEN.

February 7, 2025February 7, 2025 Cathy Ludden Around the Grounds, Native Plants

American Evergreen: Rhododendron Refuge

The evergreen Rhododendron is an iconic shrub in the Eastern US. Indeed, it is hard to imagine our landscapes without it. Its big shiny leaves and glorious spring flowers make it a year-round favorite.

The two best-known native evergreen “rhodies” in the Eastern US are Catawba (Rhododendron catawbiense) and Rosebay or Great Laurel (Rhododendron maximum). Catawba is the rhodie we see most often in suburban landscapes, either the native species with pinkish-purple flowers, or one of the many hybrids with non-native species, such as ‘Roseum Elegans’ and ‘English Roseum.’ The shrubs you see blooming in mid-spring with big showy flowers ranging in colors from pale pink to hot fuchsia usually are Catawba hybrids.

Rhododendron maximum is larger, with big, slightly floppy leaves and pinkish-to-white flowers that bloom a few weeks later than the Catawbas. While Catawba shrubs typically reach 8 to 10 feet tall and wide, Rosebay can top out at 15 to 25 feet with an equally wide spread.

Though Catawba’s original range was in the Southeast, from Virginia to Georgia, it performs very well in Zones 5 to 8, so it is a good choice for gardens in New York and the mid-Atlantic region. Rosebay Rhododendron is native from Maine all the way to the mountains of Tennessee, and hardy in Northeastern winters through Zone 4. Both shrubs prefer rich acidic soil and moist-to-dry conditions in sun to part shade. Protection from very hot afternoon sun and supplemental water during prolonged drought is recommended.

Evergreen Rhododendrons in the wild can form massive, impenetrable thickets that shade out competing plants, including trees. In the Appalachians, Rhododendron thickets viewed from a distance are so dense and treeless that they make the hillsides appear smooth. Locals call them Rhododendron “slicks” or “balds” because they look almost like lawns on distant hills. Up close, however, the reality has earned them the name rhododendron or laurel “hells.” Hikers, hunters, and their dogs, have been lost for days, unable to find their way out of the tangle of branches — too tall to see over, and too dense to see through. But Rhododendron thickets have also served as a refuge for both humans and animals.

The Nature Center’s Native American long-house is partially hidden by
a Rhododendron thicket

In 1838, under authority of the Indian Removal Act, the United States government forced more than 16,000 Cherokee people to leave their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, marching them to Oklahoma along the tragic “Trail of Tears.” The Cherokee people of Nantahala in North Carolina, however, resisted the round-up by government troops and fled to “laurel hells” in the Nantahala River Gorge. Led by Oochella, “a man who made himself somewhat notorious by threats of resistance,” the Nantahala fugitives evaded the military by hiding in what one contemporary journalist described as “the most gloomy thicket imaginable… Even at noonday, it is impossible to look into it more than a half dozen yards, and…no white man is yet known to have mustered enough courage to explore the jungle.” Eventually, after a number of lethal skirmishes, government troops granted amnesty to the remaining fugitives and withdrew. Oochella and his followers joined the Qualla Cherokees and formed a community that survived as the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.

In modern landscapes, the dense evergreen cover of Rhododendrons makes these shrubs ideal as privacy screens. Instead of a tight row of clipped Arborvitae or a taxus hedge, a screen of Rhododendron provides much greater visual interest, as well as critical habitat for pollinators and birds. In spring, the enormous flower clusters provide nectar and pollen for bees and butterflies, and throughout the year, evergreen Rhododendrons are safe hiding places for birds.

A red-bellied woodpecker hunts in the Rhododendron

It is no exaggeration to say that evergreen Rhododendrons planted next to your house will give you bird-watching opportunities in every season. Even on the coldest days of winter, when freezing temps cause Rhododendron leaves to curl tight to avoid damage, winter birds will seek refuge in the Rhododendron.

Each of these photos was taken from a window looking into a Rhododendron:

Rhodies grow fairly fast, are easy to care for, and provide critical habitat. Deer will eat Rhododendron leaves if they can reach them, but only if there is nothing else available. The leaves are actually toxic to most mammals, including horses, sheep, and cattle, so it is a last choice for deer, too. Fencing at the base of the shrub, especially when it is young, helps protect it until it grows out of reach.

*Rhododendron catawbiense* is an effective, and attractive, privacy screen

For more information about evergreen Rhododendrons, including their strange
ability to tell you the outdoor temperature, click here.

THIS BLOG IS WRITTEN BY CATHY LUDDEN, CONSERVATIONIST AND NATIVE PLANT EDUCATOR; AND BOARD MEMBER, NATURE CENTER at greenburgh. FOLLOW CATHY ON INSTAGRAM FOR MORE PHOTOS AND GARDENING TIPS @CATHYLUDDEN.

January 24, 2025January 24, 2025 Cathy Ludden Around the Grounds, Native Plants

American Evergreen: Revisiting the White Pine

Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) is a magnificent tree that once dominated the North American landscape in the east from Newfoundland to Georgia and farther west from Ontario to Arkansas. One of the tallest trees in North America, it can reach well over 100 feet in height and live for hundreds of years. Its long, soft needles give it a somewhat fuzzy appearance at a distance, and with age, it takes on an irregular flat-topped shape that is unmistakable.

The needles are fragrant, 2 to 5 inches long, and held in bundles of 5. Young pine cones are 4 to 8 inches long and green, turning brown as they mature. Older cones are often tipped with whitish sap and are quite ornamental.

White Pine needles with a mature pine cone

White Pine is incredibly important to wildlife. Over 200 species of caterpillars develop on the needles of White Pine, making it one of the most important sources of food for baby songbirds. Many other insects also depend upon the bark, buds, cones, or needles of White Pine, so dozens of species of birds hunt and nest on the trees year-round. The tops of large White Pines are favored nesting sites for hawks, owls, and bald eagles. Numerous small mammals feed on the seeds produced in the pine cones, but deer avoid White Pine altogether, unless they are near starvation.

White Pine is relatively fast-growing, adding 2 to 3 feet per year. It typically grows a straight trunk with rows of parallel branches in whorls around the trunk, adding a new row each year. As the tree ages, it tends to shed its lower branches, which makes it great for lumber, but not for a privacy screen!

Taller than most of the trees around them, White Pines often take the brunt of wind storms, causing heavy branches to fall. For that reason, planting White Pines too close to houses or other structures can be risky, especially as weather becomes more extreme. So, homeowners these days are being advised against planting White Pines.

But wait! Not all White Pines grow to be giant trees! There are over 100 modern cultivars of White Pine, and many of them are slow-growing, small-to-medium-sized trees and shrubs! You can easily find a beautiful White Pine – or several! — for your landscape.

An elegant planting of several White Pine cultivars with a
mature White Pine tree in the background

The word “cultivar” is short for “cultivated variety” and means that a plant has been propagated through human intervention to develop certain desirable features. In this case, the desirable feature is smaller size. Shrub-sized White Pines are a great choice for evergreen foundation plants in residential landscapes.

*Pinus strobus* ‘Soft Touch’ 3 years after planting

Pinus strobus ‘Soft Touch’ is a dwarf cultivar that reaches a maximum size of 3 feet tall and 3 to 4 feet wide over 20 years. It is a lovely pine-green all summer long and, like the big White Pines, will drop some of its needles in the spring before putting out new growth. It looks almost fluffy, and it really is soft to the touch! The pictured 10-year-old specimen has yet to produce pine cones, but ‘Soft Touch’ is reported to produce small green cones eventually. Slow growth even makes it suitable for containers without need for transplanting for many years. It requires almost no care. No pruning, average water amounts, and application of compost rather than fertilizer, have kept both of the pictured plants happy. Full sun is best for virtually all evergreens, and White Pine definitely prefers it.

‘Blue Shag’ is another dwarf cultivar with blue-green foliage and a rounded, mounding form. It will slowly reach 2 to 4 feet tall and 5 to 6 feet wide. Its needles are shorter and its growth somewhat denser than ‘Soft Touch,’ but it does just as well with just as little fuss.

One of the more interesting cultivars of White Pine is a medium-sized tree, 20 to 40 feet tall, with curling needles, Pinus strobus ‘Torulosa.’ Its unusual needles apparently inspired efforts to create a dwarf cultivar with the same look. One result is Pinus strobus ‘Mini Twists.’

‘Mini Twists’ is a dwarf tree that begins as a rounded, globular shrub when young, but matures into a broad pyramidal form up to 6 feet tall at maturity. It grows very slowly and can live up to 50 years, making it an interesting accent in a suburban landscape.

There is even a “weeping” cultivar of White Pine that is a “semi-dwarf” tree growing 6 to 15 feet tall with long, drooping branches that may touch the ground.

Each White Pine cultivar has its own characteristics, including preferred growing conditions, so read nursery tags and on-line information before selecting one of the many offered for sale.

While native plant advocates generally recommend planting straight species of native plants rather than cultivars, in some cases, cultivars are the only real option. White Pines are in that category. A species White Pine that will grow 80 feet tall may not be a viable choice for the average suburban lot. But a White Pine cultivar of manageable size is an excellent choice, and far superior to those delicate non-native shrubs that need burlap wrappings just to survive Northeastern winters.

So, go ahead! Check out the interesting White Pines that work best for your landscape and add winter interest and native habitat for our wildlife friends!

For more on White Pines and their incredible role in American history, see the blog post linked here.